Pollution indices assessment of metal concentrations in Karabuk soil samples

Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil by harmful substances that can have adverse effects on plant and animal life, it also negative affects health-being humans. The sources include industrial activities, agricultural practices, mining transportation activities. contaminants in heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, petroleum products, other chemicals. These seep into accumulate over time, making unsuitable for agriculture or uses. Heavy metals are a significant concern due their persistency potential harm living organisms. Therefore, is essential evaluate metal using ecological risk indices protect human health. This assessment help identify risks enable effective management contaminated sites. study aimed assess levels, including Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), samples from Karabuk various indices. included geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), (CF), degree (Cd), load (PLI), (PERI). Furthermore, statistical techniques such as correlation analysis were employed determine underlying responsible these metals. Based results Cd, PLI, PERI, was found at T7 exhibited very high contamination, moderately highly polluted, posed moderate risk, respectively. suggest anthropogenic, meaning they result activities like processes improper waste disposal.